1. Indian Penal Code India

May 09, 2018  Get latest & exclusive Indian Penal Code news updates & stories. Explore photos & videos on Indian Penal Code. Also get news from India and world including business, cricket, technology, sports. The Indian Penal Code (IPC) is the main criminal code of India. It is divided into 23 chapters comprising of 511 sections. Explore detailed explanation to each.

The Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC ) is the main legislation on procedure for administration of substantivecriminal law in India.^[1] It was enacted in 1973 and came into force on 1 April 1974.^[2] It provides the machinery for the investigation of crime, apprehension of suspected criminals, collection of evidence, determination of guilt or innocence of the accused person and the determination of punishment of the guilty. Additionally, it also deals with public nuisance, prevention of offences and maintenance of wife, child and parents.

At present, the Act contains 484 Sections,^[3] 2 Schedules and 56 Forms. The Sections are divided into 37 Chapters.

• 2Classification of Offences under the Code
• 8Judgment

History[edit]

In medieval India, subsequent to the conquest by the Muslims, the Mohammedan Criminal Law came into prevalence. The British rulers passed the Regulating Act of 1773 under which a Supreme Court was established in Calcutta and later on at Madras and in Bombay. The Supreme Court was to apply British procedural law while deciding the cases of the Crown's subjects. After the Rebellion of 1857, the crown took over the administration in India. The Criminal Procedure Code, 1861 was passed by the British parliament. The 1861 code continued after independence and was amended in 1969. It was finally replaced in 1974.

Classification of Offences under the Code[edit]

Cognizable and Non-cognizable Offences[edit]

Cognizable offences are those offences for which a police officer may arrest without a court-mandated warrant in accordance with the first schedule of the code. For non-cognizable cases the police officer may arrest only after being duly authorized by a warrant. Non-cognizable offences are, generally, relatively less serious offences than cognizable ones. Cognizable Offences reported under section 154 Cr.P.C while Non-Cognizable Offences reported under section 155 Cr.P.C. For Non-Cognizable Offences the Magistrate empowered to take cognizance under section 190 Cr.P.C. Under section 156(3) Cr.P.C the Magistrate is competent to direct the police to register the case, investigate the same and submit the challan/report for cancellation. (2003 P.Cr.L.J.1282)

INGREDIENTS OF SECTION 1541.It is an information which is given to police officer.2.Information must relate to a cognizable offence.3.It is an information of offence first in point of time.4.The investigation starts immediately after recording the FIR.5.The information may be given by orally or in writing(Even a relevant telephonic information is also sufficient to become FIR).6.A copy of the FIR shall be given to the informant free of cost immediately.

Summons-Case and Warrant-Case[edit]

Under Section 204 of the code, a Magistrate taking cognizance of an offence is to issue summons for the attendance of the accused if the case is a summons case. If the case appears to be a warrant case, he may issue a warrant or summons, as he sees fit.Section 2(w) of the Code defines summons-case as, a case relating to an Offence, and not being a warrant-case. Section 2(x) of the Code defines warrant-case as, a case relating to an Offence punishable with death, imprisonment for life or imprisonment for a term exceeding two years.

Territorial extent, Scope and Applicability[edit]

The Criminal Procedure Code is applicable in the whole of India except in the State of Jammu and Kashmir. The Parliament's power to legislate in respect of Jammu & Kashmir is curtailed by Article 370 of the Constitution of India.

Provided that the provisions of this Code, other than those relating to Chapters VIII, X and XI thereof, shall not apply-

(a) to the State of Nagaland,(b) to the tribal areas,

However the concerned State Government may, by notification apply any or all of these provisions in these areas. Moreover, the Supreme Court of India has also ruled that even in these areas, the authorities are to be governed by the substance of these rules ^[4]

body of government that functions under this code[edit]

1. Supreme Court of India
2. High Courts
3. District and Session Judge and Additional District Judges
4. Judicial Magistrates
5. Executive Magistrates
6. Police
7. Defence Counsels
8. Correctional services personnel

Sentences which Magistrates may pass[edit]

• The Court of a Chief Judicial Magistrate may pass any sentence authorised by law except a sentence of death or of imprisonment for life or of imprisonment for a term exceeding seven years.
• The Courts of Judicial Magistrate of First Class may pass a sentence of imprisonment for a term not exceeding three years, or of fine not exceeding ten thousand rupees (sub by act 25 of 2005 for rupees five thousand), or of both.
• The Courts of Judicial Magistrate of Second Class may pass a sentence of imprisonment for a term not exceeding one year, or of fine not exceeding five thousand rupees(sub by act 25 of 2005 for rupees one thousand), or of both.
• The Court of a Chief Metropolitan Magistrate shall have the powers of the Court of a Chief Judicial Magistrate and that of a Metropolitan Magistrate, the powers of the Courts of Judicial Magistrate of First Class

Bail[edit]

There is no definition of the term 'bail' under the code though the terms 'bailable' and 'non-bailable' have been defined.^[5] It has however been defined by the Black's Law Lexicon as security for the appearance of the accused person on giving which he is released pending trial or investigation^[6]

The First Schedule^[7] to the Code, classifies the offences defined in the Indian Penal Code. Besides specifying whether an offence is Bailable or Non-Bailable it also specifies if it is Cognizable or Non-Cognizable, which Court has the jurisdiction to try the said offence, the minimum and maximum amount of punishment that can or shall be awarded for the said offence.

The Supreme Court of India can and has from time to time made certain bailable offences, non-bailable or vice-a-versa by special directions, to curb increasing menace of certain crimes in the society.^[8] The State Government has the power to make certain offences bailable or non-bailable in their respective States.^[9]

Summary trials[edit]

Section 260 Clause 2 of the Code lists certain offences which may be summarily tried by any Chief Judicial Magistrate, any Metropolitan Magistrate or any Judicial Magistrate First Class. A First Class Magistrate must first be authorised by the respective High Court to that effect before he may try cases summarily under this Section.

The offences that may be tried summarily under this Section are:

1. Offences not punishable with death, life imprisonment, or imprisonment for a term exceeding two years.
2. Theft under Section 379, 380 and 381 of the Indian Penal Code provided that the value of the stolen property is below ₹2,000.
3. Receiving or retaining stolen property under Section 411 of the penal code where the value of the stolen property is below ₹2,000.
4. Assisting in the concealment or disposal of stolen property, under Section 414 of the penal code, the value of the stolen property being below ₹2,000.
5. Lurking house-trespass (Section 454 of the Indian Penal Code) and house-breaking (Section 456 of the Penal Code) at night.
6. Insult with an intent to provoke a breach of peace under Section 504 and criminal intimidation under Section 506 of the penal code.
7. Abetting of any of the above-mentioned offences.
8. Attempt to commit any of the above-mentioned offences.
9. Offences with respect to which complaints may be made under Section 20 of Cattle Trespass Act, 1871.

Apart from the above, a Second Class Magistrate may, if so empowered by the High Court, summarily try an offence punishable with fine or with imprisonment not exceeding six months or the abettment or attempt to commit such an offence.As per section 262(2) no sentence of imprisonment for a term exceeding three months shall be passed in the case of any conviction under this chapter 21.

A summary trial tried by a magistrate without being empowered to do so is void. The procedure for a summoncase is to be followed, subject to special provisions made in this behalf. The maximum sentence that may be awarded by way of a summary trial is three months with or without fine.

The Magistrate may give up the summary trial in favour of the regular trial if he finds it undesirable to try the case summarily. The judgement is to be delivered in abridged form.

Judgment[edit]

Judgment is the final reasoned decision of the Court as to the guilt or innocence of the accused. Where the accused is found guilty, the judgment must also contain an order requiring the accused to undergo punishment or treatment.

Every court must deliver the judgement in the language of that court as determined by the State Government. It must contain the points that lead to the determination of guilt or innocence. It usually commences with facts and must indicate careful analysis of evidence. It must also specify the offence under the penal code or such other specific law as well as the punishment sentenced. If acquitted the offence of which the accused is so acquitted must be specified along with a direction that the accused be set at liberty.

Judgments in abridged form[edit]

According to Section 355 of the Code, a Metropolitan Magistrate may deliver judgments in abridged form and should contain:

Fx-115ES PLUS fx-991ES PLUS C. User's Guide. CASIO Worldwide Education Website CASIO EDUCATIONAL FORUM. E fx-115ES fx-991ES. User's Guide. The contents of this manual are subject to change without notice. Fx-115ES/991ES Appendix ( 1.06MB). Portable Document Format (PDF) documents can be read with Adobe Reader software. We recommend that. Casio fx 991es manual. Home Support Manuals Calculators; fx-991ES PLUS. Fx-991ES PLUS. Fx-570_991ES_PLUS ( 0.45MB). Terms and Conditions. Portable Document.

1. Serial number of the case
2. Date of commission of the offence
3. Name of the complainant (if any)
4. Name of the accused person, his parentage and residence
5. Offence complained of (or proved, as the case may be)
6. Plea of the accused and his examination (if any)
7. Final order
8. Date of the order
9. In cases where appeal lies from the final order, a brief statement of reasons for the decision.

Compensation and costs[edit]

The functions of a civil court may be performed by a criminal court by virtue of Section 357, 358 and 359. This has been done to provide just, speedy and less expensive redress to the victim.^{[citation needed]} The court is empowered to levy a fine from the offender. Such fine may, wholly or in part, be used for the purpose of compensating the victim as per the amendment of 2009. A new section 357A has been inserted which talks of victim compensation scheme. Further in the year 2013 two new sections namely section 357B and section 357C were inserted to make compensation to the victim (as defined under section 2(wa))in addition to fine imposed under section 364A or 376D of the IPC as well as treatment of victim respectively.

Post-conviction orders[edit]

Having regards to the age, character and antecedents of the offender, and the circumstances in which the offence was committed, if the Court convicting the accused considers it expedient to release the offender, it may do so either on probation of good conduct or after due admonishment. This provision is contained in Section 360 of the Code.

Thus the court may direct that the offender be released on his entering into a bond, with or without surities. The offender is further required to keep peace and be of good behaviour as well as appear thereafter before the court when called upon during such period as the court may decide. This period should not exceed three years. The following conditions have to be satisfied:

• There is no previous conviction proved against the offender.
• In case the person convicted is a woman of any age, or a man aged below twenty-one years, the offence committed is not punishable with life imprisonment or death penalty.
• In case the person is a man above twenty-one years of age, the offence of which he is convicted is punishable with fine.

Alternatively, the offender may be released after due admonition, if the following conditions are satisfied:

• There is no previous conviction proved against the offender.
• The offence of which the accused is convicted is any of the following:

1. Theft,
2. Theft in a building,
3. Dishonest misappropriation,
4. Any offence punishable under the Indian Penal Code with no more than two years of imprisonment,
5. Any offence punishable only by fine.

No Magistrate of Second Class may release an offender under in such manner without being empowered to do so. He may transfer the case to a Magistrate for consideration.

Section 361 narrows down the discretion of the Court to sentence an offender without taking into consideration the provisions of Section 360 and similar provisions contained in the Probation of Offenders Act or any other law for treatment, training and rehabilitation of youthful offenders.^{[citation needed]} It requires that when such provisions are applicable, the Court must record in writing, the reason for not allowing the benefit of the same to the offender.

Section 30 provides the Court of a Magistrate with the power to award imprisonment for additional terms over the substantive period awarded.

Appeal[edit]

The Code and the Constitution of India together provide for multiple ranges of appellate remedy.^{[citation needed]} A person convicted by the High Court exercising original criminal jurisdiction may appeal before Supreme Court.^[10] Where the High Court has, on appeal reversed an order of acquittal and sentenced him to death and imprisonment for a term of ten years or more, the accused may appeal to the Supreme Court.^[11] The Constitution provides that an appeal shall lie to the Supreme Court against the direction of Supreme Court if the High Court certifies that the case involves substantial questions of law as to the interpretation of the Constitution.^[12]

Judgements and orders arising from petty cases are not appealable unless the sentences are combined with other sentences.^[13] There can not be an appeal when the accused pleads guilty and is convicted on such plea by the High Court. If the conviction from a plea of guilt is by a Sessions Court, Metropolitan Magistrate or a Magistrate of First or Second Class, only the legality of the sentence may be brought into question in an appeal.^[14]

Amendments[edit]

The Code has been amended several times.^[15]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

1. ^Bharti, Dalbir (2005). The Constitution and criminal justice administration. APH Publishing. p. 320.
2. ^Menon, N. R. Madhava; Banerjea, D; West Bengal National University of Juridical Sciences (2005). Criminal Justice India Series: pts. 1-2. Chandigarh. Allied Publishers. p. 229.CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
3. ^'All Sections in CrPC'.
4. ^Mowu v. Suptd., Special Jail, 1972 SCC (Cri) 184, 189:(1971) 3 SCC 936
5. ^Moti Ram v. State of Madhya Pradesh, (1978) 4 SCC 47: 1978 SCC (Cri) 485, 488
6. ^Black's Law Lexicon, 4th Edn., p. 177
7. ^'The First Schedule of CrPC'.
8. ^'Make acid attacks non-bailable'. The Indian Express. 19 July 2013.
9. ^'Criminal Law Amendment Act 1932'.
10. ^Section 374 (1)
11. ^Section 379
12. ^Article 132 (1) of the Constitution of India
13. ^Section 376
14. ^Section 375
15. ^The Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973. Current Publications. 11 May 2015. p. LX. Retrieved 8 June 2015.

External links[edit]

• 'CODE OF CRIMINAL PROCEDURE, 1973'. delhidistrictcourts.nic.in. Archived from the original on 25 November 2013. Retrieved 9 March 2015.
• 'The Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (Updated till 2016)'.

The Indian Penal Code (IPC) is the official criminal code of India. It is a comprehensive code intended to cover all substantive aspects of criminal law. The code was drafted in 1860 on the recommendations of first law commission of India established in 1834 under the Charter Act of 1833 under the Chairmanship of LordThomas Babington Macaulay.^[1][2][3] It came into force in British India during the early British Raj period in 1862. However, it did not apply automatically in the Princely states, which had their own courts and legal systems until the 1940s. The Code has since been amended several times and is now supplemented by other criminal provisions.

After the partition of the British Indian Empire, the Indian Penal Code was inherited by its successor states, the Dominion of India and the Dominion of Pakistan, where it continues independently as the Pakistan Penal Code. The Ranbir Penal Code (R.P.C) applicable in Jammu and Kashmir is also based on this Code.^[2] After the separation of Bangladesh (former East Pakistan) from Pakistan, the code continued in force there. The Code was also adopted by the British colonial authorities in Colonial Burma, Ceylon (modern Sri Lanka), the Straits Settlements (now part of Malaysia), Singapore and Brunei, and remains the basis of the criminal codes in those countries.

• 4Controversies

History[edit]

The draft of the Indian Penal Code was prepared by the First Law Commission, chaired by Thomas Babington Macaulay in 1834 and was submitted to Governor-General of India Council in 1835. Its basis is the law of England freed from superfluities, technicalities and local peculiarities. Elements were also derived from the Napoleonic Code and from Edward Livingston's Louisiana Civil Code of 1825. The first final draft of the Indian Penal Code was submitted to the Governor-General of India in Council in 1837, but the draft was again revised. The drafting was completed in 1850 and the Code was presented to the Legislative Council in 1856, but it did not take its place on the statute book of British India until a generation later, following the Indian Rebellion of 1857. The draft then underwent a very careful revision at the hands of Barnes Peacock, who later became the first Chief Justice of the Calcutta High Court, and the future puisne judges of the Calcutta High Court, who were members of the Legislative Council, and was passed into law on 6 October 1860.^[4] The Code came into operation on 1 January 1862. Macaulay did not survive to see his masterpiece come into force, having died near the end of 1859.

Objective[edit]

The objective of this Act is to provide a general penal code for India.^[5] Though not the initial objective, the Act does not repeal the penal laws which were in force at the time of coming into force in India. This was so because the Code does not contain all the offences and it was possible that some offences might have still been left out of the Code, which were not intended to be exempted from penal consequences. Though this Code consolidates the whole of the law on the subject and is exhaustive on the matters in respect of which it declares the law,many more penal statutes governing various offences have been created in addition to the code.

Structure[edit]

The Indian Penal Code of 1860, sub-divided into 23 chapters, comprises 511 sections. Despacito english song mp3 download. The Code starts with an introduction, provides explanations and exceptions used in it, and covers a wide range of offences. The Outline is presented in the following table:^[6]

Controversies[edit]

Various sections of the Indian Penal Code are controversial. They are challenged in courts claiming as against constitution of India. Also there is demand for abolition of some controversial IPC sections completely or partially.

Indian Penal Code India

Unnatural Offences (Sodomy) - Section 377[edit]

Whoever, voluntarily has carnal intercourse against the order of nature with any man, woman or animal, shall be punished with imprisonment of life, or with imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to ten years, and shall also be liable to fine.

Explanation - Penetration is sufficient to constitute the carnal intercourse necessary to the offence described in this section.^[7]

• Section 377 The Delhi High Court on 2 July 2009 gave a liberal interpretation to this section and laid down that this section can not be used to punish an act of consensual sexual intercourse between two same sex individuals.^[8]
• On 11 December 2013, Supreme Court of India over-ruled the judgment given by Delhi High court in 2009 and clarified that 'Section 377, which holds same-sex relations unnatural, does not suffer from unconstitutionality'. The Bench said: 'We hold that Section 377 does not suffer from .. unconstitutionality and the declaration made by the Division Bench of the High Court is legally unsustainable.' It, however, said: 'Notwithstanding this verdict, the competent legislature shall be free to consider the desirability and propriety of deleting Section 377 from the statute book or amend it as per the suggestion made by Attorney-General G.E. Vahanvati.'^[9]
• On 8 January 2018, the Supreme Court agreed to reconsider its 2013 decision and after much deliberation agreed to decriminalise the parts of Section 377 that criminalised same sex relations on 6 September 2018. ^[10] The judgement of Suresh Kaushal v. Naz Foundation is overruled.^[11]

Attempt to Commit Suicide - Section 309[edit]

The Section 309 of the Indian Penal Code deals with an unsuccessful attempt to suicide. Attempting to commit suicide and doing any act towards the commission of the offence is punishable with imprisonment up to one year or with fine or with both. Considering long-standing demand and recommendations of the Law Commission of India, which has repeatedly endorsed the repeal of this section, the Government of India in December 2014 decided to decriminalise attempt to commit suicide by dropping Section 309 of IPC from the statute book. Though this decision found favour with most of the states, a few others argued that it would make law enforcement agencies helpless against people who resort to fast unto death, self-immolation, etc., pointing out the case of anti-AFSPA activist Irom Chanu Sharmila.^[12] In February 2015, the Legislative Department of the Ministry of Law and Justice was asked by the Government to prepare a draft Amendment Bill in this regard.^[13]

In an August 2015 ruling, the Rajasthan High Court made the Jain practice of undertaking voluntary death by fasting at the end of a person's life, known as Santhara, punishable under sections 306 and 309 of the IPC. This led to some controversy, with some sections of the Jain community urging the Prime Minister to move the Supreme Court against the order.^[14][15]On 31 August 2015, the Supreme Court admitted the petition by Akhil Bharat Varshiya Digambar Jain Parishad and granted leave. It stayed the decision of the High Court and lifted the ban on the practice.

Adultery - Section 497[edit]

The Section 497 of the Indian Penal Code has been criticised on the one hand for allegedly treating woman as the private property of her husband, and on the other hand for giving women complete protection against punishment for adultery.^[16][17] This section was unanimously struck down on 27th September 2018 by a five judge bench of the Supreme Court in case of Joseph Shine v. Union of India as being unconstitutional and demeaning to the dignity of women. Adultery continues to be a ground for seeking divorce in a Civil Court, but is no longer a criminal offence in India.

Death penalty (Capital Punishment)[edit]

Sections 120B (criminal conspiracy), 121 (war against the Government of India), 132 (mutiny), 194 (false evidence to procure conviction for a capital offence), 302, 303 (murder), 305 (abetting suicide), 364A (kidnapping for ransom), 364A (banditry with murder), 376A (rape) have death penalty as punishment. There is ongoing debate for abolishing capital punishment.^[18]

Criminal justice reforms[edit]

In 2003, the Malimath Committee submitted its report recommending several far-reaching penal reforms including separation of investigation and prosecution (similar to the CPS in the UK) to streamline criminal justice system.^[19] The essence of the report was a perceived need for shift from an adversarial to an inquisitorial criminal justice system, based on the Continental European systems.

Amendments[edit]

The Code has been amended several times.^[20][21]Josh groban noel album youtube.

Acclaim[edit]

The Code is universally acknowledged as a cogently drafted code, ahead of its time. It has substantially survived for over 150 years in several jurisdictions without major amendments. Nicholas Phillips, Justice of Supreme Court of United Kingdom applauded the efficacy and relevance of IPC while commemorating 150 years of IPC.^[22] Modern crimes involving technology unheard of during Macaulay's time fit easily within the Code^{[citation needed]} mainly because of the broadness of the Code's drafting.

Cultural references[edit]

Some references to specific sections (called dafa'a in Hindi-Urdu, دفعہ or दफ़आ/दफ़ा) of the IPC have entered popular speech in India, Pakistan and Bangladesh. For instance, con men are referred to as 420s (chaar-sau-bees in Hindi-Urdu) after Section 420 which covers cheating.^[23] Similarly, specific reference to section 302 ('tazīrāt-e-Hind dafā tīn-sau-do ke tehet sazā-e-maut', 'punishment of death under section 302 of the Indian Penal Code'), which covers the death penalty, have become part of common knowledge in the region due to repeated mentions of it in Bollywood movies and regional pulp literature.^[24][25]Dafa 302 was also the name of a Bollywood movie released in 1975.^[26] Similarly, Shree 420 was the name of a 1955 Bollywood movie starring Raj Kapoor.^[27] and Chachi 420 was a Bollywood movie released in 1997 starring Kamal Haasan.^[28]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

1. ^Universal's Guide to Judicial Service Examination. Universal Law Publishing. p. 2. ISBN978-93-5035-029-4.
2. ^ ^abLal Kalla, Krishan (1985). The Literary Heritage of Kashmir. Jammu and Kashmir: Mittal Publications. p. 75. Retrieved 19 September 2014.
3. ^'Law Commission of India - Early Beginnings'. Law Commission of India. Retrieved 19 September 2014.
4. ^'Historical Introduction to IPC (PDF)'(PDF).
5. ^'Preamble of IPC (download IPC in PDF)'.
6. ^B.M.Gandhi. Indian Panel Code (2013 ed.). EBC. pp. 1–832. ISBN978-81-7012-892-2.
7. ^B.M.Gandhi. Indian Penal Code. EBC. pp. 1–796. ISBN978-81-7012-892-2.
8. ^'Delhi High Court strikes down Section 377 of IPC'. The Hindu. 3 July 2009. ISSN0971-751X. Retrieved 24 September 2018.
9. ^Venkatesan, J. (11 December 2013). 'Supreme Court sets aside Delhi HC verdict decriminalising gay sex'. The Hindu. ISSN0971-751X. Retrieved 24 September 2018.
10. ^'SC decriminalises Section 377: A timeline of the case'. Times of India. 6 September 2018. Retrieved 7 September 2018.
11. ^'Supreme Court's decision on Section 377: Separate decision of 5 Judges [Read Judgement]'. www.lawji.in. Retrieved 9 September 2018.
12. ^'Government decriminalizes attempt to commit suicide, removes section 309'. The Times of India. 10 December 2014. Retrieved 15 August 2015.
13. ^'Attempt to Suicide'. Press Information Bureau. Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India. Retrieved 15 August 2015.
14. ^'Rajasthan HC says Santhara illegal, Jain saints want PM Modi to move SC'. The Indian Express. Retrieved 15 August 2015.
15. ^'Rajasthan HC bans starvation ritual 'Santhara', says fasting unto death not essential tenet of Jainism'. IBN Live. CNN-IBN. 10 August 2015. Retrieved 15 August 2015.
16. ^'Wife is private property, so no trespassing'. The Times of india. 17 July 2015. Retrieved 15 August 2015.
17. ^'Adultery law biased against men, says Supreme Court'. The Times of India. 3 December 2011. Retrieved 15 August 2015.
18. ^Abrams, Corinne (3 September 2015). 'The Reasons India's Law Commission Says the Death Penalty Should Be Scrapped'.
19. ^'IPC Reform Committee recommends separation of investigation from prosecution powers (pdf)'(PDF). Retrieved 23 May 2012.
20. ^Parliament of India. 'The Indian Penal Code'(PDF). childlineindia.org.in. Retrieved 7 June 2015.This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
21. ^The Indian Penal Code, 1860. Current Publications. 7 May 2015. Retrieved 8 June 2015.
22. ^'IPC's endurance lauded'. The New Indian Express. Retrieved 24 September 2018.
23. ^Henry Scholberg (1992), The return of the Raj: a novel, NorthStar Publications, 1992, .. People were saying, 'Twenty plus Four equals Char Sau Bees.' Char Sou Bees is 420 which is the number of the law that has to do with counterfeiting ..
24. ^Star Plus, The Great Indian Laughter Challenge – Jokes Book, Popular Prakashan, ISBN978-81-7991-343-7, .. Tazeerat-e-hind, dafa 302 ke tahat, mujrim ko maut ki saza sunai jaati hai ..
25. ^Alok Tomar; Monisha Shah; Jonathan Lynn (2001), Ji Mantriji: The diaries of Shri Suryaprakash Singh, Penguin Books in association with BBC Worldwide, 2001, ISBN978-0-14-302767-6, .. we'd have the death penalty back tomorrow. Dafa 302, taaziraat-e-Hind .. to be hung by the neck until death ..
26. ^D. P. Mishra (1 September 2006), Great masters of Indian cinema: the Dadasaheb Phalke Award winnersGreat Masters of Indian Cinema Series, Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India, 2006, ISBN978-81-230-1361-9, .. Badti Ka Naam Dadhi ( 1975), Chhoti Si Baat ( 1975), Dafa 302 ( 1 975), Chori Mera Kaam ( 1975), Ek Mahal Ho Sapnon Ka (1975) ..
27. ^'Shree 420' – via www.imdb.com.
28. ^Haasan, Kamal; Puri, Amrish; Puri, Om; Tabu (19 December 1997), Chachi 420, retrieved 3 April 2017

Further reading[edit]

• C.K.Takwani (2014). Indian Penal Code. Eastern Book Company.
• Murlidhar Chaturvedi (2011). Bhartiya Dand Sanhita,1860. EBC. ISBN978-93-5028-140-6.
• Surender Malik; Sudeep Malik (2015). Supreme Court on Penal Code. EBC. ISBN978-93-5145-218-8.

External links[edit]